The Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Market is expected to record a CAGR of 7.2% from 2023 to 2030, reaching $13.67 billion by 2030. Veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are integral to the veterinary healthcare industry as they are needed to manufacture finished medicines or formulations to treat and prevent diseases and disorders in animals. The growth of the veterinary pharmaceutical ingredients market is driven by the growing expenditure on animal health, the rising prevalence of animal, foodborne, and zoonotic diseases, and the growing demand for animal-derived food products globally. Additionally, increasing awareness regarding animal health in emerging economies and the growing application of precision medicine in veterinary care are expected to create growth opportunities for the stakeholders in this market. However, the stringent regulatory approval process restrains the growth of this market. The environmental impact of veterinary drugs and the dearth of veterinary practitioners is a major challenge to market growth.
The demand for animal-derived food products, namely meat, milk, and eggs, has increased. The consumption of animal-derived foods is increasing due to decreasing agricultural productivity due to shrinking resources and reduced availability of cultivable land. Foods derived from animals are a major source of protein, and a protein-rich diet is essential to leading a healthy life.
Consumption of animal proteins is stable (around 44 to 55 g/capita/day) in developed countries, while consumption is increasing in developing countries. For instance, in 2020, the U.S. accounted for approximately 21% of global beef consumption. In 2020, beef and veal consumption in Asia reached 19,656.46 thousand tons and is expected to increase to 21,467.08 thousand tons by 2026 (Source: OECD FAO). Farmers are expected to increase livestock production to meet the increasing demand for animal-derived foods. Increased livestock production will encourage the adoption of pharmaceuticals for animals. Several medications are used for animals for their overall health, such as vaccines, parasiticides to treat parasitic infections, and medicines for other diseases and conditions to prevent the spread of disease and improve animal health. This is one of the major factors driving the market growth.
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Growing Prevalence of Animal, Foodborne & Zoonotic Diseases Drives the Market Growth
The increasing number of livestock/farm animals poses a higher risk of diseases and infections that can cross the species barrier and be passed on to humans through direct contact or the consumption of livestock products. Over the last century, there has been an alarming increase in the number, frequency, and diversity of zoonotic disease outbreaks. Caused by the spillover of pathogens from animal hosts to people, these events may have more than tripled in the last decade, with the number of new zoonotic diseases infecting people quadrupling over the same period.
Over 150 zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans by wild and domestic animal populations, 13 of which are responsible for 2.2 million deaths per year. Zoonotic diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. These germs can cause many illnesses in people and animals, ranging from mild to serious illnesses and even death. Depending on the disease, animals can sometimes appear healthy, even when carrying pathogens that can make people sick.
Furthermore, although pet animals are considered a part of the family, they can be carriers of diseases that infect humans. Diseases transmitted from animals to humans mainly spread through vectors, such as flies, ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes. Therefore, pet owners are growing increasingly concerned regarding the health and well-being of their companion animals, driving the adoption of medicines and drugs required for their well-being. Therefore, the growing prevalence of diseases in animals and the high risk of zoonotic diseases leads to adopting appropriate medicines and drugs to curb the spread of these diseases. This is expected to generate a demand for veterinary APIs for manufacturing these drugs, driving the market globally.
The Parasiticides Segment to Dominate the Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market in 2023
Parasiticides such as ectoparasiticides, endoparasiticides, and endectocides are used against the infections of parasitic organisms, including tapeworms, hookworms, roundworms, mites, fleas, ticks, flukes, and other parasites. Companion animals, as well as farm animals, are very commonly affected by these parasites. Therefore, it becomes crucial to administer the parasiticides at regular intervals to keep the animal healthy and disease-free, supporting a large share of the segment. Moreover, factors such as the increasing prevalence of zoonotic diseases, growing demand for animal-derived food products, and increasing number of livestock in emerging economies also support the large share of the segment.
The Chemical APIs Segment to Account for the Largest Market Share in 2023
The factors attributed to the segment’s large share are control & precision, scale-up, cost efficiency, and consistency. Chemical synthesis methods can be efficient and cost-effective for producing large quantities of APIs. Once the route for the synthesis of a compound is set, the manufacturers can scale up the production process, which helps the manufacturers reduce the production costs, leading to higher profit margins. This cannot be achieved for biologically synthesized APIs as they require specific methodologies and techniques to obtain the desired molecule.
The Companion Animals Segment is Expected to Dominate this Market in 2023
Based on animal type, the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredients market is segmented into companion animals and livestock. In 2023, the companion animals segment is expected to account for the largest share of the animal parasiticides market. People need a companion for emotional well-being, and pets offer a positive environment at home. There is a common trend of owning a pet amongst people globally. According to Animal Medicines Australia, pet ownership in Australia increased to 69% of households having pets in 2021 from 61% in 2019. This increase led to a rise in pet-related expenditures & adoption of pet insurance in Australia. For instance, the average household insurance expenditure for dogs in Australia increased from USD 147 in 2019 to USD 246 in 2021.
Asia-Pacific to Be the Fastest-Growing Regional Market
In 2023, North America is expected to dominate the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market, while Asia-Pacific is expected to record the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The high growth of the Asia-Pacific veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market is attributed to the growing population of pet animals, growing demand and consumption of animal-derived food proteins, presence of large exporters of animal products, government initiatives to improve agricultural and animal husbandry outcomes, and the rising incidence of various zoonotic diseases in the region.
Key Players
The report offers a competitive landscape based on an extensive assessment of the product portfolio offerings, geographic presence, and key strategic developments adopted by leading market players in the last three to four years. The key players profiled in the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market are Alivira Animal Health Limited (India), Excel Industries Ltd. (India), Suan Farma, S.A.U. (Spain), Chr. Olesen (Denmark), Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China), FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A. (Italy), Rochem International Inc. (U.S.), NGL Fine-Chem Ltd. (India), MENADIONA S.L (Spain), and Chempro Pharma Private Limited. (India).
Scope of the Report:
Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Market Assessment, by Product Type
Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Market Assessment, by Synthesis Type
Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Market Assessment, by Animal Type
Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Market Assessment, by Geography
Key Questions Answered in the Report:
The veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market report covers market sizes & forecasts for parasiticides, vaccines, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and other APIs. The veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market study includes the value analysis of various segments and subsegments of the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market at the regional and country levels.
The veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market is projected to reach $13.67 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 7.2% from 2023 to 2030.
The parasiticides segment is estimated to account for the largest share of the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market in 2023.
Based on animal type, the companion animal segment is projected to gain more traction in the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market.
The high growth of the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market is mainly attributed to the growing expenditure on animal health, the rising prevalence of animal, foodborne, and zoonotic diseases, and the growing demand for animal-derived food products globally. Additionally, increasing awareness regarding animal health in emerging economies and the growing application of precision medicine in veterinary care are expected to create growth opportunities for the stakeholders in this market.
The key players operating in the veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredient market are Alivira Animal Health Limited (India), Excel Industries Ltd. (India), Suan Farma, S.A.U. (Spain), Chr. Olesen (Denmark), Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China), FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A. (Italy), Rochem International Inc. (U.S.), NGL Fine-Chem Ltd. (India), MENADIONA S.L (Spain), and Chempro Pharma Private Limited. (India).
The emerging Asian-Pacific countries are expected to offer significant growth opportunities for the vendors in this market due to the growing population of pet animals, growing demand and consummation of animal-derived food proteins, presence of large exporters of animal products, government initiatives to improve agricultural and animal husbandry outcomes, and the rising incidence of various zoonotic diseases in the region.
This report provides pre & post COVID-19 market estimates.
1. Introduction
1.1. Market Definition & Scope
1.2. Market Ecosystem
1.3. Currency & Limitations
1.4. Key Stakeholders
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Research Approach
2.2. Process of Data Collection and Validation
2.2.1. Secondary Research
2.2.2. Primary Research/Interviews with Key Opinion Leaders of the Industry
2.3. Market Sizing and Forecast
2.3.1. Market Size Estimation Approach
2.3.2. Growth Forecast Approach
2.3.3. Market Share Analysis
2.4. Assumptions for this Study
3. Executive Summary
4. Market Insights
4.1. Overview
4.2. Drivers
4.2.1. Growing Expenditure on Animal Health
4.2.2. Rising Prevalence of Zoonotic and Foodborne Diseases
4.2.3. Rising Demand for Animal-derived Food Products
4.3. Restraints
4.3.1. Stringent Regulatory Approval Process
4.4. Opportunity
4.4.1. Growing Awareness Regarding Animal Health in Emerging Economies
4.4.2. Growing Application of Precision Medicine in Veterinary Care
4.5. Challenges
4.5.1. Environmental Impacts of Veterinary Drugs
4.5.2. Dearth of Veterinary Practitioners
4.6. Trends
4.7. Regulatory Analysis
4.8. Pipeline Analysis
4.9. PESTEL Analysis
5. Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Assessment—by Product Type
5.1. Overview
5.2. Parasiticides
5.3. Vaccines
5.4. Antibiotics
5.5. Anti-inflammatory
5.5. Other Types
6. Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Assessment—by Synthesis Type
6.1. Overview
6.2. Chemical APIs
6.3. Biological APIs
6.4. High Potent APIs
7. Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Assessment—by Animal Type
7.1. Overview
7.2. Companion Animals
7.3. Livestock
8. Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Assessment—by Geography
8.1. Overview
8.2. North America
8.2.1. U.S.
8.2.2. Canada
8.3. Europe
8.3.1. Germany
8.3.2. France
8.3.3. U.K.
8.3.4. Italy
8.3.5. Spain
8.3.6. Rest of Europe
8.4. Asia-Pacific
8.4.1. Japan
8.4.2. China
8.4.3. India
8.4.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific
8.5. Latin America
8.5.1. Brazil
8.5.2. Mexico
8.5.3. Rest of Latin America
8.6. Middle East and Africa
9. Competition Analysis
9.1. Overview
9.2. Key Growth Strategies
9.3. Competitive Benchmarking
9.4. Competitive Dashboard
9.4.1. Industry Leaders
9.4.2. Market Differentiators
9.4.3. Vanguards
9.4.4. Emerging Companies
9.5. Market Share Analysis, by the Key Player/Key Market Ranking, 2022
10. Company Profiles (Company Overview, Financial Overview, Product Portfolio, and Strategic Developments)
10.1. Alivira Animal Health Limited
10.2. Excel Industries Ltd.
10.3. Suan Farma, S.A.U.
10.4. Chr. Olesen
10.5. Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
10.6. FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A.
10.7. Rochem International Inc.
10.8. NGL Fine-Chem Ltd.
10.9. MENADIONA S.L
10.10. Chempro Pharma Private Limited.
(Note: SWOT Analysis of the Top 5 Companies Will Be Provided)
11. Appendix
11.1. Available Customization
11.2. Related Report
List of Tables
Table 1 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Drivers: Impact Analysis (2022–2030)
Table 2 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Restraints: Impact Analysis (2022–2030)
Table 3 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 4 Global Veterinary Parasiticides API Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 5 Global Veterinary Vaccines API Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 6 Global Veterinary Antibiotics API Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 7 Global Veterinary Anti-inflammatory API Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 8 Global Other Veterinary APIs Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 9 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 10 Global Veterinary Chemical APIs Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 11 Global Veterinary Biological APIs Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 12 Global Veterinary High Potent APIs Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 13 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 14 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market for Livestock, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 15 Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market for Companion Animals, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 16 North America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Country, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 17 North America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 18 North America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 19 North America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 20 U.S.: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 21 U.S.: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 22 U.S.: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 23 Canada: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 24 Canada: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 25 Canada: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 26 Europe: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Country/Region, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 27 Europe: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 28 Europe: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 29 Europe: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 30 Germany: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 31 Germany: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 32 Germany: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 33 France: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 34 France: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 35 France: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 36 U.K.: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 37 U.K.: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 38 U.K.: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 39 Italy: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 40 Italy: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 41 Italy: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 42 Spain: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 43 Spain: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 44 Spain: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 45 RoE: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 46 RoE: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 47 RoE: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 48 Asia-Pacific: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Country, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 49 Asia-Pacific: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 50 Asia-Pacific: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 51 Asia-Pacific: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 52 Japan: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 53 Japan: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 54 Japan: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 55 China: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 56 China: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 57 China: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 58 India: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 59 India: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 60 India: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 61 RoAPAC: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 62 RoAPAC: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 63 RoAPAC: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 64 Latin America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Country, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 65 Latin America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 66 Latin America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 67 Latin America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 68 Brazil: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 69 Brazil: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 70 Brazil: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 71 Mexico: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 72 Mexico: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 73 Mexico: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 74 RoLATAM: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 75 RoLATAM: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 76 RoLATAM: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 77 Middle East & Africa: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 78 Middle East & Africa: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 79 Middle East & Africa: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2021–2030 (USD Million)
Table 80 Recent Developments, by Company (2020–2023)
List of Figures
Figure 1 Research Process
Figure 2 Secondary Sources Referenced for this Study
Figure 3 Primary Research Techniques
Figure 4 Key Executives Interviewed
Figure 5 Breakdown of Primary Interviews (Supply-side & Demand-side)
Figure 6 Market Sizing and Growth Forecast Approach
Figure 7 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2023 Vs. 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 8 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2023 Vs. 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 9 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2023 Vs. 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 10 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Geography
Figure 11 Market Dynamics: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market
Figure 12 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Product Type, 2023 Vs. 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 13 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Synthesis Type, 2023 Vs. 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 14 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Animal Type, 2023 Vs. 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 15 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market, by Geography, 2023 Vs. 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 16 North America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Snapshot
Figure 17 Europe: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Snapshot
Figure 18 Asia-Pacific: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Snapshot
Figure 19 Latin America: Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market Snapshot
Figure 20 Key Growth Strategies Adopted by Leading Players (2020–2022)
Figure 21 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market: Competitive Benchmarking Based on Product Type
Figure 22 Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market: Competitive Benchmarking Based on Geography
Figure 23 Market Ranking Analysis: Global Veterinary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market (2022)
Figure 24 SeQuent Scientific Ltd.: Financial Overview (2022)
Figure 25 Excel Industries Ltd.: Financial Overview (2022)
Figure 26 NGL Fine-Chem Ltd.: Financial Overview (2022)
This report provides pre & post COVID-19 market estimates.
This report provides pre & post COVID-19 market estimates.
Published Date: Aug-2023
Published Date: Jan-2023
Published Date: Jun-2022
